drumĭry ice (solid carbon dioxide) effects are produced by heating water to or near boiling in a suitable container (for example: a 55-gallon drum with water heater coils in it), and then dropping in one or more pieces of dry ice. Generic dry ice machine made from a 45gal. This effect can be used for a variety of applications, including simulating geysers of steam, in place of pyrotechnics, or to create an instant opaque wall for a reveal or disappearance during magic acts. When the solenoid valve is closed, the fog rapidly disperses in the air, ending the effect nearly instantaneously. The fog is released through an electric solenoid valve to control timing and duration. The evaporated liquid molecules are later condensed within the bubbles creating a fog which lead to more evaporation of liquid molecules into gas bubbles based on LeChatelier ’s principle. As dry ice is submerged into a bulk of liquid, the pure CO 2 gas bubbles are formed, then the bulk liquid molecules start to evaporate at the surface of the bubbles into the gas bubbles. Effect duration is determined by the heating cycle of the theatrical fog machine and consumption rate of liquid CO 2.Ī large billowing fog plumes are created from the condensation of liquid that dry ice is submerged into. Several manufacturers of theatrical fog fluid have developed specially formulated mixtures specifically designed to be used with CO 2, intended to provide thicker, more consistent fog effects. As the fog warms, or is agitated, it rises and dissipates. When liquid CO 2 is used to chill theatrical fog, the result is a thick fog that stays within a few feet of the ground. Liquid carbon dioxide (CO 2), stored in compressed cylinders, is used in conjunction with theatrical fog machines to produce "low-lying" fog effects. Although the density of haze generated and the volume of space that can be filled is significantly smaller than that of a haze machine, aerosol canisters have the advantages of portability, no requirements for electricity and finer control over the volume of haze generated. Smaller volumes of haze can also be generated from aerosol canisters containing mineral oil under pressure. Glycol/water haze fluid is sometimes referred to as "water based haze" to avoid ambiguity. In either case the fluid used is referred to as haze fluid, but the different formulations are not compatible or interchangeable. Another technique for creating haze uses a glycol/water mixture to create haze in a process nearly identical to that for creating fog effects. One technique uses mineral oil, atomized via a spray pump powered either by electricity or compressed CO 2, breaking the mineral oil into a fine mist.
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This effect is produced using a haze machine, typically done in one of two ways. Haze effects refer to creating an unobtrusive, homogeneous cloud intended primarily to reveal lighting beams, such as "light fingers" in a rock concert. This technique is similar to the smoke generators used by military forces to create smoke screens, and is generally only used outdoors due to the volume of fog produced and the petroleum fuel required. For theatrical purposes the pesticide is typically replaced with glycol, glycol/water mixtures, or water.
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Devices specifically manufactured for this purpose are referred to as fog machines.Īn obsolete method for creating theatrical fog on-stage (although the technique is still commonly used in motion pictures) is to use a device known as a thermal fogger, initially designed for distributing pesticide, which aspirates a petroleum product (typically kerosene or propane), ignites the fuel, and then mixes in air and pesticide to create a dense fog. Olympic National Forest, Washingtonįog is created by pumping one of a variety of different glycol or glycol/water mixtures (referred to as fog fluid) into a heat exchanger (essentially a block of metal with a resistance heating element in it) and heating until the fluid vapourises, creating a thick translucent or opaque cloud. Machine has jet engine and disseminates only oil-based material. Virgil Allen testing Dynafog Model 70 fog machine used for pest control. Smoke is differentiated from other atmospheric effects in that it is composed of solid particles released during combustion, rather than the liquid droplets that fog or haze are composed of.ġ962. Smoke effects refers to theatrical atmospheric effects produced either by pyrotechnic materials, such as Smoke Cookies, and pre-fabricated smoke cartridges or other, flammable substances such as incense or HVAC smoke pencils or pens. There are generally 4 types of fog effects used in entertainment applications: smoke, fog, haze, and "low-lying" effects. 5.3 Theatrical fog and artificial mists.4.1 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.